Social media in the Middle East: is it a real tool for (incremental) change, or merely cathartic self-expression?

While we are on the topic of social media and political/developmental discourse, I just read this NYT op-ed by Rami G. Khouri. Khouri makes a case for a  valid point: the rift between U.S. policy on democratization in the Middle East when it comes to policies aimed at empowering young activist groups – especially and specifically with social media and technology – on one hand, and implicit or explicit American support for the the totalitarian/oligarchical/repressive regimes in question (for “strategic” reasons) on the other hand. Khouri argues that…

One cannot take seriously the United States or any other Western government that funds political activism by young Arabs while it simultaneously provides funds and guns that help cement the power of the very same Arab governments the young social and political activists target for change.

Khouri talks of the unfortunate reality of the double standards in U.S. foreign policy aimed at “democratization” , but here is my problem with the rest of Khouri’s argument. He goes on to say that…
Blogging, reading politically racy Web sites, or passing around provocative text messages by cellphone is equally satisfying for many youth. Such activities, though, essentially shift the individual from the realm of participant to the realm of spectator, and transform what would otherwise be an act of political activism — mobilizing, demonstrating or voting — into an act of passive, harmless personal entertainment.

We must face the fact that all the new media and hundreds of thousands of young bloggers from Morocco to Iran have not triggered a single significant or lasting change in Arab or Iranian political culture. Not a single one. Zero.


What Khouri is saying is that all of this social media hustle and bustle is nothing but a collective stress purge, a form of digital catharsis if you will, that has – according to him – zero impact on the the possibilities and trajectories of potential change of the societies where such new form of social discourse takes place.

I find this claim to be largely flawed. While it is true that social media does provide a purgative outlet for the oppressed, the net effects of the availability and use of such outlet is not devoid of “real” activism that could potentially bring about, or at least be part of, tangible change.

Do we have evidence of this counter-argument? Here is some.

The “April 6 Youth Movement” in Egypt and the Green Revolution of the 2009-2010 Iranian election protests are two prime examples of political activism movements that heavily relied on social media to mobilize, publicize and organize almost all aspects of their activities. Did “tangible change” come about as a result of these social media-fueled movements? Depends on how you define “tangible change”, but my answer would be yes. Khouri’s definition of change seems to be about the immediate form of it,  that of traditional coups and revolutions, and in assuming this to be his definition, it is not difficult to see why he is disappointed.

Technology-driven activism is not necessarily about short-term, abrupt change (which, histrionically, has been seen to do more harm than good), but rather about the incremental form of change. It is about the dissemination of ideas and the stirring active and inclusive societal dialogue about the requisite form of change and the means by which it should be brought about. Khouri completely misses this point when he writes:

Such activities, though, essentially shift the individual from the realm of participant to the realm of spectator, and transform what would otherwise be an act of political activism — mobilizing, demonstrating or voting — into an act of passive, harmless personal entertainment.

Which is funny, because Khouri likens the advent and usage of social media to that of one the most passive forms of media: T.V.
My impression is that these new media today play a role identical to that played by Al Jazeera satellite television when it first appeared in the mid-1990s — they provide important new means by which ordinary citizens can both receive information and express their views, regardless of government controls on both, but in terms of their impact they seem more like a stress reliever than a mechanism for political change.

Comparing ubiquitous weblogging, Facebook, Twitter, citizen journalism, cell phones and other forms of social media to what was once considered a dissenting Arabic T.V. news channel is misleading, to say the least. Where is the “social” on T.V.? To objectively judge the net effect of social media on societal and political change, it is important to understand that social media is not a tool for direct political confrontation or dissidence as it is one for putting coherence into the collective social consciousness, community building and self-expression. Could we really discount this utility as having “zero effect” on social change?

What can social media tell you about the mainstream social discourse in Egypt?

While I was working on my masters in International Development, I wrote a paper on how we can use social media to observe current social discourses on various themes, or what I specifically termed “grassroots developmental ethos”. In non-academic jargon, I was trying to see if it is possible to use social media to learn something of value about how Egyptians – especially young people – think about issues of change and development, and how their online interaction, from webblog posts to Facebook link shares to tweets can give telltale signs of the general direction of this ethos (which can in turn be useful knowledge for development practitioners, at least in theory).

The exact title of the paper now escapes me, and I can’t be bothered to look for it on the many USB drives in my desk drawers, but two videos that are currently making the rounds by Egyptians on Facebook, Twitter, forums and other social media channels made me remember this topic and rekindled some interest in it.

The first one is a clip from the Egyptian TV show “Al Ashira Masa’an” (which translates to “10 p.m.”), which is hosted by Mona El Shazly and garners a large and loyal viewership. In the clip, an Egyptian poet called Hesham El Gakh (of whom I have never heard before) performs an oration of one of his poems titled “Goha” (Goha is a well-known character from Egyptian folktales).

It’s difficult to translate the whole thing but what Hesham reads is basically a very pessimistic and gloomy “poem” in which he addresses his literary personification of Egypt and verbally lashes against what he sees as bad about the country (which is basically everything). If there is ever a poem to be described as “self-flagellating”, it is this one. Hisham delivers quiet a theatrical oration, with tears and everything. And you have to admit, he has a way with words and that Upper Egyptian accent lends the requisite air of authenticity to his pain (yes I am being a bit sarcastic here).

Now take that and contrast it with the second video making (admittedly less frequent) rounds between Egyptians online:

The video is titled “Ana Masry” (“I am Egyptian”) and posted on a Youtube channel called pmcegypt (what is pmcegypt? I don’t know). It simply presents various characters from Egyptian society (played by actors), who start by admitting to their bad habits but then say something about what is it about them (that is positive) that makes them “Egyptian”. The description with the video translates to “A video for those who love Egypt and still think that tomorrow will be better. Together we can change many things”.

What is interesting to my is not the content of the videos as much as it is the comments by different people – Egyptians – on both. What is even more interesting is the demographics of the people making those comments, or at least in the “sample” I observed on Facebook and Twitter where certain information about commenters is easily visible. Those are young, educated Egyptians: the demographic equivalent of the blood of this country. Any country. This is not a surprising observation, but rather an important one to note if anything if to be noted from all of this.

What does it say about the current social ailments of Egyptians, and what potential remedies are there for such ailments if we can actually define them?

Well, to give a very short answer, and insofar as anything can be gleaned from comments on online videos, the current social discourse in Egypt is more descriptive than prescriptive. People always tend to talk about how things are, not how it should be, and what should be done to make them be the way they should be. It is the path of least resistance in most social interactions in Egypt. The video by the “poet” above is nothing but a very lyrical version of the complaining spiel that lots of us hear from many Egyptians on a daily basis, from the taxi driver to your friends and family with graduate degrees.

The current collective social psyche in Egypt today is akin to a Jeep with its wheels spinning in sand: there is a lot going on but not much being achieved. It is all about the psychology of change. I’ll talk about the psychology of change and how it relates to the Egyptian mainstream social discourse in another post, but here is a thought for you to mentally chew on: change does not have to be political. In other words, start something or GTFO.

Speaking of Jeeps: They call this Egyptian Jeep, and I want one.

If you only read one book this year…

...and provided that you can read and understand colloquial Egyptian Arabic (the Upper-Egyptian dialect, to be more specific), you really should read Gawabat Haragy El Kot (The Letters of Haragy EL Kot) by Abdel-Rahman El-Abnoudy.


Take masterful story-telling, super-lucid usage of colloquial language, seldom-matched literary prowess and soak all of that way deep in the cultural nuances and minutiae of the individual mindset and human interactions of  the Egyptian South. What you get is a true literary masterpiece.

The book comes with two CD’s of Abnoudy himself narrating the full text. His vocal narrative does not only complement the text, but even multiplies its literary and intellectual value by an unquantifiable measure. Abnoudy’s narration style is very theatrical while preserving cultural and emotional genuineness.

El-Abnoudy’s magnum opus is Al-Sira Al-Hilaliyya, a multi-volume folklore epic that took him three decades to compile from oral accounts. Yes, he spent 30 years collecting word-of-mouth bits and pieces of stories using an ancient tape recorder.

I think he should be nominated for the Nobel Prize for Literature for his literary awesomeness and amazing efforts in preserving indigenous oral traditions and cultural heritage.

On second thought, forget the Nobel Prize. They give it out too easy these days.

On Cairo, Cairenes and broken windows

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Cairo is a truly fascinating city.

It is an immense jumble of everything: people, vehicles, concrete, animals, junk. If you are a first-time visitor, not familiar with how things go in Cairo, the city mercilessly attacks your senses and overwhelms you. Cairo shocks you. If you recover from the initial sensory whack,  chances are that Cairo will reel you back in with its “charm”. Such fuzzy charm can be attributed to qualities that trace to the things that create the Cairene urban madness itself. It is a charm that big cities share, but which differs in its flavor and the intricacies that gives it its local colors.

Contrary to popular belief, Cairo is not an ancient city (at least not in a country where history is often referenced in the thousands of years). There is a lot of history in Cairo, but then there is also a lot of history in Damascus, Athens and Berlin, Delhi and a host of other Old World and New World (if such labels are still in common usage) urban centers. A key element to Cairo’s special flavor of “Big City charm” is its set of stark contrasts against a backdrop of historical mashups.

If asked about how they feel about their city, most Cairenes would say that they absolutely hate living here; they hate the chaos, bad traffic, bad roads, bad planning, bad everything. Then they would launch into the clichéd tirade about what is wrong with Egypt, bloviating passionately and comprehensively about everything that is wrong that you are led to anticipate they’d begin bloviating passionately and comprehensively about how they believe things should be corrected. How to bring Cairo, and maybe Egypt, to its old glory.

But it almost never happens. Those who ramble about what is wrong are way better at being descriptive than the prescriptive. The guy tearing his hair out in front of you in a rant about how dirty our streets are will flick a cigarette butt on the floor to make full use of his arms in his very animated rant, but only after blowing the last exhalation of smoke in your face as he talks, then he’ll lob his crumpled, now empty pack of cigarettes out of his car window as he waves goodbye.

There is a weird alienation between what Cairenes want and what they are willing to do. It is some sort of social schizophrenia that makes this one of Cairo’s starkest contrasts, and one of its most intractable dilemmas. I know you are tempted to make the argument that it is an issue of a “hierarchy of needs”; that the affected majority is too busy securing their daily bread than to worry about fixing the world around them. “Need breeds apathy” is the essence of this argument.

“People whose lives are barren and insecure seem to show a greater willingness to obey than people who are self-sufficient and self-confident. To the frustrated, freedom from responsibility is more attractive than freedom from restraint. They are eager to barter their independence for relief of the burdens of willing, deciding and being responsible for inevitable failure. They willingly abdicate the directing of their lives to those who want to plan, command and shoulder all responsibility.” ~Eric Hoffer

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With all due respect for your interpretation of Maslow’s theories, I believe this is an overly simplistic, even naïve, analysis. One which dilutes this issue to a single element among a multitude of other more “actionable” ones.

Describing how things are is only useful to the extent it provides value to actionable steps that define how they should be. Otherwise, being descriptive has zero value. Scratch that, it might even have a negative value in the way it impacts latent intentions for action.

The quest for a universal overarching remedy for everything that is wrong with Cairo (and elsewhere) is futile.

Think smaller. Much smaller.

Think about fixing the broken windows. Figuratively or practically. It starts from there.

NY random missive 02: Talking shows

So recently I went to a couple Broadway shows and a spoken word show. Here’s the skinny:

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Great show! It’s about this hip New York teenager who moves to Appleton, Indiana due to his parents’ divorce and the interactions he has with his peers in high school. Nothing deep in terms of plot, but flawless performance by an all-teen cast. Go see it.

A Tale of Two Cities


Knew the story from the torn, dog-eared Charles Dickens classic I had to endure in middle school. Hence the reason I was unmoved by Sydney Carton’s (James Barbour)  heart-wrenching act of ultimate sacrifice (wanna know more? download the (e)book at Project Gutenberg) when everyone around me were sobbing like a 5-year old lost in the city.

The show was an  effervescent, skeletal adaptation of Dickens’ epic novel of unrequited love, bloody revolution and sacrifice. Oh, and there is at least three movie adaptations, so plenty of choices there for you. I’d read the book, though, at least before going to see the show.

Recountdown Tour: Celebrating the End of the Bush Era (Henry Rollins spoken word)


Went to see the Rollins himself at The Town Hall. After 2 hours and 45 minutes of non-stop spoken word combat with Hank hopping from one topic to the next like a kangaroo on speed, you mentally reaffirm the fact that Rollins is the man. The intensity with which he delivers his shows is amazing.
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Overheard at Times Square: Comedy show tickets! It makes you laugh and stuff.

Open Media, Closed Minds

Wikimania_Alexandria_2008-Banner

The Wikimedia Foundation has recently decided upon Alexandria, Egypt as a host city for its upcoming international conference in 2008. Alexandria was one of the finalists voted by Wikimedia’s jury. A friend directed my attention to this blogpost, where the author has lunched an all out attack against holding the conference in Alex. I posted a comment on the post and decided to also post it here for good measure.

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Description de l’Egypte now online


Description de l’Egypte, which is a set of volumes containing an exhaustive description of ancient and modern Egypt (modern at the time of authoring, that is) that was prepared by scientists accompanying Napoleon’s expedition to Egypt in 1798, is now available in an online version, courtesy of Bibliotheca Alexandrina and The International School of Information Sciences with morphological full text search at http://descegy.bibalex.org

That’s over 9000 pages documenting all aspects of Egyptian history, antiquities, state, geography, and culture of the period. Pretty cool huh? Its all in French of course, and the last time I tried reading any French was in high school (i.e. my French sucks) but it is still cool to just browse it and look at the drawings. I am into that stuff. Check those out:





 


The Tao of Egyptian streets

I have posted before about the mind-boggling beauty of man-machine coexistence on the streets of Cairo. Here is another example of such fantastic equilibrium, this time in Egypt’s second largest city.

This is a picture of a one lane street in a local market area in Alexandria. Tram tracks go down the middle of the street, but before the tram actually passes you wouldn’t even notice them. Street vendors set up their stands on the tracks. When the tram is passing, they casually lift their stuff off the tracks, then replace with such enviable ease.